APS-1 (also known as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy; APECED) was unlikely here: none of the core triad (chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, or Addison’s disease) was present, and autoimmune regulator (AIRE) testing was negative; thus, APS-1 was excluded (6, 16, 17). This evidence concerns the gene AIRE and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.