Finally, a study first identified NETs in renal tissues of mice with contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI), with NETs primarily aggregating within glomeruli and peritubular capillaries, and subsequent inhibition of NET production through either degradation of extracellular DNA or PAD4 blockade alleviated both apoptosis and pyroptosis in CI-AKI kidneys (149). Here, PADI4 is linked to acute kidney injury.