Neural injury-induced protein 1 (NINJ1) plays a significant role in inducing plasma membrane rupture (PMR), and recent studies in oxalate-induced AKI demonstrate that NINJ1 oligomerization mediates both NET formation and macrophage PMR releasing HMGB1, processes which synergistically promote RTECs injury, whereas myeloid cell-targeted blockade of NINJ1 effectively attenuated kidney damage (85). Here, HMGB1 is linked to acute kidney injury.