In GBM cells with high ALDH1A3 expression, enhanced PKM2 tetramerization following interaction with ALDH1A3 not only augments aerobic glycolysis but also facilitates the lactylation and nuclear translocation of XRCC1, thereby promoting DNA damage repair and conferring resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (71). The gene discussed is ALDH1A3; the disease is glioblastoma.