KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: Substitutions at G12 and G13 generally reduceGAP (GTPase-activating protein) binding, while Q61 mutations damagethe inherent GTPase function of KRAS. Studiessuggest that KRAS mutations are most prevalent in colorectal (CRC),pancreatic (PDAC), and non-squamous non-small cell lung (NSCLC) cancers,with KRAS G12D (29%), G12V (23%), G12C (15%), G13D (7%), and G12R(5%), the five most commonly observed isoforms, accounting for ∼80%of all modifications.