KRAS and cancer: Kirstenrat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS), a key component of thepathway, is the most commonly mutated oncogene and is a key driverof tumor growth in several human cancers. KRAS cycles between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-loadedand active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-loaded state, acting as amolecular switch for downstream signal transduction. The most prevalent mutations that enhance RAF-MEK-ERK signalingoccur at Glycine12 (G12) and Glycine13 (G13) in the P-loop or Glutamine61(Q61) in the Switch II region and impair GTPase activity, leadingto abnormal signaling.