Notably, previous studies also found CSF concentrations of the treatment-responsive proteins granzyme A, MMP-9, CD48, DR3, desmoglein-2 and RTN4 to be increased in patients with MS compared to controls (Åkesson et al. 2023b; Held et al. 2025; Kulczyńska-Przybik et al. 2021, 2022; Masvekar et al. 2019). Here, CD48 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.