Studies have shown conflicting results regarding circulating leptin levels in MASLDpatients, with some indicating higher levels compared to control (5,12-15) andothers indicating no significant difference (16,17).Variants in the LEP gene, which encodes the leptin protein, havebeen associated with circulating leptin levels (18-21),glucose levels (21), IR(20,21), triglycerides (22), total cholesterol (18), dyslipidemia (23), T2DM (24), and hypertension (25,26). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and metabolic syndrome.