PML and lung carcinoma: Even though S100A3 does not have a direct effect on pathogenesis of lung cancer, it alters the response of lung cancer cells to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment by interacting with retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARα) transcription factor, which results in the degradation of RARα and promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-RARα receptor (104).