NOS3 and Alzheimer disease: In this study, vascular-related factors were explored in the hippocampus to test the hypothesis that HIIT mitigates AD-related pathology by enhancing cerebral microvascular function, with a focus on molecules of angiogenesis (EPO and VEGF), cerebrovascular regulation (eNOS, ET-1, and GPR68), and hypoxic adaptation (HIF-1α).