INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders marked by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient insulin production or impaired insulin action.1 537 million people aged 20 to 79 years old had diabetes in 2021 worldwide, and this number is expected to rise to 783 million by 2045.2 Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of several organs, including the eyes, kidneys, and heart.3 Diabetes is classified into type 1 and type 2.