VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Further corroborating these results, our recent work demonstrated that oleanolic acid, a bioactive triterpenoid abundant in olive leaves and oil, lowers expression of key inflammatory adhesion molecules (VCAM1, ICAM1, SELE), reduces monocyte adhesion, and restores angiogenic function and migration in endothelial cells derived from gestational diabetic pregnancies, highlighting its potential to counteract hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via epigenetic mechanisms (15).