VEGFA and Hyperglycemia: Given that the therapeutic effects of subthreshold micropulse laser arise from its thermal effect on RPE cells, without directly affecting other retinal cell types [8, 9], we investigated the effects of combined thermal stimulation and MES on HSP expression, VEGF, and inflammatory cytokine levels in HG (high glucose) + DFX (deferoxamine mesylate salt) models that simulate the pathology of DME induced by hyperglycemia and hypoxia to determine its potential as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of DR and DME.