PRB1 and diabetes mellitus: A diminished pmf can impair ATP synthesis, whereas an excessively high pmf may lead to increased ROS production due to impaired electron transport within the ETC.1 Dysregulation of pmf has been implicated in a wide range of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases2 such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, metabolic disorders like diabetes,3 retinal degenerative diseases,4 cancer,5 and aging.6 Despite the central importance of pmf in health and disease, therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring pmf to a balanced and safe level remain limited.