In choroidal melanoma, the core mechanisms of artesunate tumor growth and angiogenesis, on the other hand, were related to Stat3/Akt and HIF-1α/VEGF/PDGF signaling pathways [188, 189].(Figure 2).Among the numerous signaling pathways studied for the effects of artemisinin derivatives on melanoma, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has demonstrated the most consistent and direct preclinical evidence across multiple independent studies. Here, HIF1A is linked to melanoma.