BRAF and cancer: BRAF and MEK inhibitors induce a rapid response and prolong patient survival, the MAPK pathway is the most important pathway involved in BRAF/MEK inhibition of drug resistance, especially MAPK pathway reactivation [49]. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling controls cell growth through protein synthesis, and this signaling is over-activated in melanoma; targeting this pathway to reduce cancer cell growth would be helpful in the development of new drugs [50].