TP53 and neoplasm: The identification of key biomarkers, such as Ki-67, Cyclin D1, Bmi-1, and EMT-related proteins, has improved our ability to diagnose and prognosticate FOSCC, while studies on genetic mutations and molecular pathways (including TP53, COX, STAT3, EGFR, and VEGF) have provided valuable insights into tumor behavior and potential therapeutic targets.