DUSP1 and cancer: Given the complexity of DUSP1 signaling as evidenced by the above studies, further investigations are required: 1) to elucidate the precise role of DUSP1 (molecular and mechanistic) in various cancer types, 2) to develop effective DUSP1 and specific inhibitors for therapeutic intervention that have minimum toxicological side effects in a preclinical setting, and 3) to assess the safety and efficacy of DUSP1 inhibitors in clinical trials.