IGF1R and colitis: Thus, ET, ETmut, or PA alone can induce the early phosphorylation of both IGF1R and EGFR, implying an early acting cAMP-independent process, in which the receptor may be activated through a non-canonical mechanism known as “transactivation.” IGF1R transactivation has been reported during various infectious and inflammatory processes, such as oncogenic transformation,119 colonic inflammation, IBD120 and crosstalk with GPCRs to regulate neuronal survival.121