ATAD2 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Figure 3E shows ATAD2 staining in representative cases from various groups. Statistical analysis was conducted based on the cumulative scores of the staining intensities and the proportions of positive cells. The results clearly showed that ATAD2 expression was significantly higher in the astrocytoma group (n = 28) and the oligodendroglioma group (n = 35) than in the normal tissue group (n = 6). Furthermore, the GBM group (n = 63) exhibited markedly higher expression levels than both the astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma groups (Fig. 3F).