The observed positive correlations between IL-23 and inflammatory markers (CD16, CD11c, CCR2, CCR5, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, CCL8, CCL19, CXCL9), as well as metabolic markers (FBG and HbA1c), alongside its negative association with adiponectin, highlight its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.