This reprogramming, driven by genetic mutations and environmental pressures, reshapes the TME and induces lipid metabolic alterations in various TME cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD8+ T cells, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) (Munir et al., 2019; Jin et al., 2023). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.