Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells reprogram glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism to competitively deplete critical nutrients (e.g., glucose, glutamine, arginine) and accumulate inhibitory metabolites (e.g., lactate), thereby suppressing CD8+ T cell function and proliferation to facilitate immune evasion (Tharp et al., 2024; Liang et al., 2025). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.