ASGR2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In conclusion, this study identified ALDH2, ASGR2, and CYP1B1 as novel biomarkers related to macrophage lactylation in COPD, demonstrating their roles in regulating the immune microenvironment (e.g., macrophage polarization) and metabolic pathways (e.g., oxidative stress, B-cell signaling).