NPPA and hydrops fetalis: For example, five of the ten genes identified by Fan (EIF1AY, RPS4Y1, USP9Y, KDM5D, DDX3Y) were found to be upregulated exclusively in males, in both control and disease groups; NPPA identified by Zhu did not differ in this study in the Spanish population (P > 0.05); Chen similarly identified ASPN as DEGs for HF; and ASERPINE2 identified by Chen was considered as male-specific DEGs in this study.