Moreover, this study also stratified HF samples from different regions by gender, identifying 9 DEGs between males and females in all HF samples, 6 in African American HF samples, 11 in Caucasian HF samples, and 24 in German HF samples, and ultimately identifying 5 common DEGs that were significantly different by gender, namely, DDX3Y, KDM5D, USP9Y, RPS4Y1, and EIF1AY (Figures 9A,B). Here, DDX3Y is linked to hydrops fetalis.