This formulation protected probiotics from gastric stress, enabled controlled intestinal release, improved colonic delivery, restored mucus secretion, reinforced tight junctions (occludin, ZO-1), and enriched beneficial bacteria (genus Lacticaseibacillus, species L. rhamnosus), thereby alleviating colitis in DSS mice (Han et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene TJP1 and colitis.