GLP-1 RAs such as liraglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide, dulaglutide, and geniposide share common chondroprotective mechanisms in osteoarthritis, including suppression of NF-κB (reducing IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2), inhibition of matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP-3/13, ADAMTS-4/5), and attenuation OS (Meurot et al., 2022; Li et al., 2019; Tong et al., 2019). Here, GCG is linked to osteoarthritis.