VEGFA and breast cancer: In a 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumour model in rats, treatment with ALD root extract at 500 mg/kg body weight resulted in significant chemopreventive effects, demonstrated by inhibition of tumour parameters, minimal alterations in liver and kidney enzymes, reduction in oxidative stress, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and NF-κB), and downregulation of proliferation (Ki-67), metastasis (MMP-9), and angiogenesis (VEGF) markers (Kumar et al., 2024a).