MPO and osteoarthritis: This broad inhibition of inflammatory outputs is not limited to macrophage models but extends to in vivo conditions such as osteoarthritis (Jo et al., 2021), where ALD reduces pain and serum IL-1β, and to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models (Lee et al., 2020), including dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis (Yuan et al., 2022), where it ameliorates symptoms, protects the colonic barrier, and lowers inflammatory cytokines and enzymes like myeloperoxidase (MPO).