MAP1LC3A and cytomegalovirus infection: This observation was further validated by RT-qPCR, which confirmed that although ATG5, ATG8A, ATG8E, and ATG18B were upregulated upon CMV infection in both the WT and the 14-3-3λ/κ double-mutant plants, their expression levels remained significantly lower in the 14-3-3λ/κ double mutant than in the WT (Figure 6).