TNF and colitis: Diet and metabolic perturbations: In a colitis sensitized model, Zhang et al. 2020 reported that time-restricted and intermittent energy-restriction regimens improved anxiety-like behavior (EPM test) and reduced marble burying, with stool 16S shifts (PLS-DA/LEfSe), lower serum LPS, lower colonic TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, improved brain oxidative markers, and higher stool SCFAs [19].