In summary, a patient-centered approach that integrates traditional renal markers with tubular injury biomarkers (NGAL, KIM-1, uL-FABP), filtration markers (cystatin C), albuminuria, and early stress markers (NephroCheck) throughout the course of hospitalization can improve diagnostic accuracy, allow safer titration of therapies, and enhance clinical decision-making in patients with CRS and suspected WRF [64,91,99,101,168] (Table 3, Figure 1). Here, LCN2 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.