B2M and amyloidosis: In dialysis patients, β2M levels reflect residual renal function and correlate with cardiovascular outcomes, although they are also influenced by dialytic clearance efficiency, underlying inflammation, and the risk of dialysis-related β2M amyloidosis—a condition characterized by β2M fibril deposition with osteoarticular, dermatologic, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular manifestations [36,43].