VCAM1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Also, urinary VCAM-1 has shown promise as a potential LN diagnosis biomarker (AUC 0.73–0.93, Sn 66.7–96%, Sp 65–100%, NPV 60–96.4%, PPV 61.5–95% vs. non-renal SLE/inactive SLE; AUC 0.77–0.98 vs. healthy controls) [59,88,141,142,147,150,154] and as a disease activity biomarker for predicting high SLEDAI scores or renal flares in several cohorts of SLE patients (SLEDAI- AUC 0.72–0.86, Sn 69–76%, Sp 73–90%; renal flares- AUC 0.76, Sn 75%, Sp 74%, HR 7.5) [88,96,147,150,154,155].