TNF and myocarditis: In CVB3 infection, the expression of interferon beta (IFN-β, gene IFNB1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, gene TNF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β, gene IL1B) and interleukin-8 (IL-8, gene CXCL8) are highly upregulated and correlate with myocarditis severity [21,22,23].