França-Costa and colleagues detected higher levels of PGE2 and TNF-α in samples from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, while in patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, elevated levels of PGE2 and TGF-β were found, demonstrating that depending on the profile of mediators present in the microenvironment, PGE2 can exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects [20]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cutaneous leishmaniasis.