INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In type 2 diabetic mice, Simiao Wan (SMW) and its bioactive ingredients (including CGA and berberine) reduced fasting glucose and lipid levels, improved insulin levels, and activated the IRS1/AKT2/GLUT2 signaling pathway while inhibiting FOXO1, confirming the glucose-lowering effects of CGA through enhanced hepatic insulin signaling [152].