INS and placental abruption: The association with preeclampsia and composite clinical outcomes reflecting placental dysfunction (which includes conditions such as placental abruption, oligohydramnios and non-reassuring foetal heart rate patterns in addition to preeclampsia and SGA) is consistent with the hypothesis that FIR may reflect underlying placental dysfunction reflecting the complex interplay between insulin resistance, placental health, and maternal metabolic regulation [11].