CTLA4 and neoplasm: LNPs can deliver cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-12), immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 peptides/mRNA), or adjuvants (e.g., TLR agonists) directly to immune cells or the tumor microenvironment, enhancing the anti-tumor immune response while minimizing systemic toxicity.