CD47 and neoplasm: Blocking this pathway exerts antitumor effects through three mechanisms: (1) directly promoting macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis; (2) inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) via the Fc region of anti-CD47 antibodies; and (3) enhancing dendritic cell antigen presentation to activate T-cell immune responses [20].