On day 9, tumor bioluminescence (total flux; mean ± SD; n = 3; units: 109 photons s−1) was as follows: PBS, 6.67 ± 2.53; VEGF-siRNA LNP, 6.61 ± 2.05; anti-PD-L1 antibody-modified scramble-siRNA LNP, 3.35 ± 1.08; isotype control antibody-modified VEGF-siRNA LNP, 0.229 ± 0.911; and anti-PD-L1 antibody-modified VEGF-siRNA LNP, 0.132 ± 0.511. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.