The reproducibility of these results across models and laboratories underscores the potential of γ-PGA as a broad-spectrum antiviral, acting through three main mechanisms: (1) blocking viral entry in enveloped viruses, (2) prophylactic immune priming via TLR4/CD14 signaling, including IFN-β and ISGs, and (3) therapeutic immune activation post-infection, characterized by a surge of IFN-β expression. Here, IFNB1 is linked to infection.