TGFB1 and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: Direct investigations into the specific roles of R428 and LDC1267 in modulating the expression of ACTA2, COL1A1, and FN1 in IPF disease are limited; nevertheless, in line with our results, Steiner et al. (2021) evaluated the role of R428 on human colonic fibroblasts previously treated with TGF-β [44].