CXCR4 and glioma: Previous studies have reported on the anti-glioma activities of CX and its constituents, including tetramethylpyrazine, ligustilide, and ferulic acid, which inhibit proliferation, invasion, and sensitize GBM to temozolomide via CXCR4, Rho GTPases, and PI3K/Akt pathways [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19].