FOS and amnesia: Rh1 improved cognitive performance in scopolamine-induced amnesia models via dual pathways: upregulating memory-associated immediate early genes including CREB, early growth response 1 (Egr-1), c-Fos proto-oncogene (c-Fos), and cellular Jun proto-oncogen (c-Jun) in the hippocampus, while simultaneously enhancing cholinergic function through decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and increased acetylcholine levels [144].