Crucially, nobiletin combats insulin resistance, protects pancreatic β-cell function, enhances insulin secretion, and modulates key signaling pathways (including AMPK, PI3K/AKT, PPARs, NF-κB, and circadian regulators like Bmal1/RORs) to improve glucose and lipid homeostasis. Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.