MTOR and diabetes mellitus: Importantly, K. pinnata and its bioactive compounds regulate multiple cellular signaling pathways that are also dysregulated in diabetes (Figure 5), including the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK), wingless/integrated signaling/β-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin), and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2/kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/Keap1) pathways [54].