This suggests that, in the context of obesity, astaxanthin also exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in adipose tissue by reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, limiting M1 macrophage infiltration, and suppressing HIF-1α signaling, which directly contributes to the improvement of adipose tissue function and metabolic health. The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.