SUMO1 and post-traumatic stress disorder: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PTSD and its chronicity on clinical profiles, biomarker levels (SUMO1, MDA, CX3CL1, and UCHL1), and CDRS scores in male patients, comparing Past PTSD ≤ 5 y (N = 33), Past PTSD > 5 y (N = 31), and No PTSD controls (N = 28) (Section 2.1, Section 2.2, Section 2.3).