SUMO1 and post-traumatic stress disorder: Table 2 presents the levels of four biomarkers—SUMO1, MDA, CX3CL1, and UCHL1—in male patients with past PTSD (stratified by duration since diagnosis: ≤5 years and >5 years) and controls without PTSD, offering insights into the impact of PTSD and its chronicity on these parameters. The results across PTSD status groups are visualized in Figure 1.