Meanwhile, recognizing the pivotal role of astrocytes in oxidative stress regulation and neuroinflammatory control, recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that precision-targeted gene therapies using AAV9 vectors coupled with astrocyte-specific promoters (e.g., GFAP) can selectively enhance Nrf2 activity in these cells, resulting in prolonged survival and preserved motor neuron integrity in ALS models [143]. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.