For example, Adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated delivery of astrocyte-specific Nrf2 vectors or blood–brain barrier (BBB)-permeable KEAP1 inhibitors may restore redox and RNA homeostasis in non-neuronal cells, thus may restore the non-cell-autonomous dysfunction that precedes overt neurodegeneration in ALS [66,69]. The gene discussed is KEAP1; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.