AKT1 and Hyperglycemia: TNF-α activates the NF-κβ intracellular signaling cascade, which inhibits the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), serine/threonine kinase or protein kinase B (AKT/PKβ), glucose transporter 2, and glucose transporter 4, culminating in IR and hyperglycemia [62].