These diverse elements—epidermal changes, dermal remodeling, and immune dysregulation—are not independent, but are intertwined through signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt and oxidative stress pathways, and are controlled by hormone fluctuations and environmental factors, jointly interpret the complex pathogenesis of melasma [5,25,28,29]. Here, AKT1 is linked to freckles.