MTOR and metabolic disease: HFD promotes the development of neuroinflammation, most often through increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (such Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α)) or inducible nitric oxide synthase), and it also increases activation of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, which is implicated in the development of neurological and metabolic diseases.