TNF and neoplasm: In the preclinical study, Fc-based BsAbs produced significantly higher tumor-cell lysis and greater secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), Granzyme B) than either monotherapy or the antibody combination, with the symmetric IgG-HC-scFv format emerging as most promising [28].