HIF1A and central nervous system cancer: HIF-1α has also been implicated in multiple signaling pathways that mediate glioma growth, chemotherapy resistance, and immune escape, including involvement in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to enhance cell survival, inducing ERK phosphorylation to promote tumor cell invasion, and regulating JAK2/STAT3 to increase the expression of immune checkpoints, etc. [24,25,26,27,28,29].