Mendelian randomization analysis confirmed a causal association: genetically predicted higher levels of VEGF-A (OR ≈ 1.025, PFDR ≈ 0.06) and VEGF-D (OR ≈ 1.08, PFDR = 0.001) were significantly linked to increased AF risk, whereas VEGF-C and VEGF receptors (VEGFR-2/3) showed no such associations [91]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and atrial fibrillation.